Quantum Routing and Entanglement Dynamics Through Bottlenecks

To implement arbitrary quantum circuits in architectures with restricted interactions, one may effectively simulate all-to-all connectivity by routing quantum information. We consider the entanglement dynamics and routing between two regions only connected through an intermediate "bottleneck" region with few qubits. In such systems, where the entanglement rate is restricted by a vertex boundary rather than an edge boundary of the underlying interaction graph, existing results such as the small incremental entangling theorem give only a trivial constant lower bound on the routing time (the minimum time to perform an arbitrary permutation). We significantly improve the lower bound on the routing time in systems with a vertex bottleneck. Specifically, for any system with two regions  with  qubits, respectively, coupled only through an intermediate region  with  qubits, for any  we show a lower bound of  on the Hamiltonian quantum routing time when using piecewise time-independent Hamiltonians, or time-dependent Hamiltonians subject to a smoothness condition. We also prove an upper bound on the average amount of bipartite entanglement between  and  that can be generated in time  by such architecture-respecting Hamiltonians in systems constrained by vertex bottlenecks, improving the scaling in the system size from  to . As a special case, when applied to the star graph (i.e., one vertex connected to  leaves), we obtain an  lower bound on the routing time and on the time to prepare  Bell pairs between the vertices. We also show that, in systems of free particles, we can route optimally on the star graph in time  using Hamiltonian quantum routing, obtaining a speed-up over gate-based routing, which takes time .