



@article {3416,
	title = {SimuQ: A Framework for Programming Quantum Hamiltonian Simulation with Analog Compilation},
	journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2024},
	month = {11/19/2023},
	pages = {2425{\textendash}2455},
	abstract = {<p>Quantum Hamiltonian simulation, which simulates the evolution of quantum systems and probes quantum phenomena, is one of the most promising applications of quantum computing. Recent experimental results suggest that Hamiltonian-oriented analog quantum simulation would be advantageous over circuit-oriented digital quantum simulation in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) machine era. However, programming analog quantum simulators is much more challenging due to the lack of a unified interface between hardware and software. In this paper, we design and implement SimuQ, the first framework for quantum Hamiltonian simulation that supports Hamiltonian programming and pulse-level compilation to heterogeneous analog quantum simulators. Specifically, in SimuQ, front-end users specify the target quantum system with Hamiltonian Modeling Language, and the Hamiltonian-level programmability of analog quantum simulators is specified through a new abstraction called the abstract analog instruction set (AAIS) and programmed in AAIS Specification Language by hardware providers. Through a solver-based compilation, SimuQ generates executable pulse schedules for real devices to simulate the evolution of desired quantum systems, which is demonstrated on superconducting (IBM), neutral-atom (QuEra), and trapped-ion (IonQ) quantum devices. Moreover, we demonstrate the advantages of exposing the Hamiltonian-level programmability of devices with native operations or interaction-based gates and establish a small benchmark of quantum simulation to evaluate SimuQ\&$\#$39;s compiler with the above analog quantum simulators.</p>},
	issn = {2475-1421},
	doi = {10.1145/3632923},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02775},
	author = {Peng, Yuxiang and Young, Jacob and Liu, Pengyu and Wu, Xiaodi}
}
