02454nas a2200133 4500008004100000245005300041210005300094520206100147100002202208700001802230700001602248700001902264856003702283 2018 eng d00aClassical lower bounds from quantum upper bounds0 aClassical lower bounds from quantum upper bounds3 a

We prove lower bounds on complexity measures, such as the approximate degree of a Boolean function and the approximate rank of a Boolean matrix, using quantum arguments. We prove these lower bounds using a quantum query algorithm for the combinatorial group testing problem. 
We show that for any function f, the approximate degree of computing the OR of n copies of f is Omega(sqrt{n}) times the approximate degree of f, which is optimal. No such general result was known prior to our work, and even the lower bound for the OR of ANDs function was only resolved in 2013. 
We then prove an analogous result in communication complexity, showing that the logarithm of the approximate rank (or more precisely, the approximate gamma_2 norm) of F: X x Y -> {0,1} grows by a factor of Omega~(sqrt{n}) when we take the OR of n copies of F, which is also essentially optimal. As a corollary, we give a new proof of Razborov's celebrated Omega(sqrt{n}) lower bound on the quantum communication complexity of the disjointness problem. 
Finally, we generalize both these results from composition with the OR function to composition with arbitrary symmetric functions, yielding nearly optimal lower bounds in this setting as well.

1 aBen-David, Shalev1 aBouland, Adam1 aGarg, Ankit1 aKothari, Robin uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1807.0625601599nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006800041210006800109520117300177100001801350700002001368700002001388700002001408856003701428 2018 eng d00aQuantum Supremacy and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling0 aQuantum Supremacy and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling3 a

A critical milestone on the path to useful quantum computers is quantum supremacy - a demonstration of a quantum computation that is prohibitively hard for classical computers. A leading near-term candidate, put forth by the Google/UCSB team, is sampling from the probability distributions of randomly chosen quantum circuits, which we call Random Circuit Sampling (RCS). In this paper we study both the hardness and verification of RCS. While RCS was defined with experimental realization in mind, we show complexity theoretic evidence of hardness that is on par with the strongest theoretical proposals for supremacy. Specifically, we show that RCS satisfies an average-case hardness condition - computing output probabilities of typical quantum circuits is as hard as computing them in the worst-case, and therefore #P-hard. Our reduction exploits the polynomial structure in the output amplitudes of random quantum circuits, enabled by the Feynman path integral. In addition, it follows from known results that RCS satisfies an anti-concentration property, making it the first supremacy proposal with both average-case hardness and anti-concentration. 

1 aBouland, Adam1 aFefferman, Bill1 aNirkhe, Chinmay1 aVazirani, Umesh uhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1803.0440201660nas a2200157 4500008004100000245004900041210004800090260001500138300001100153490000800164520123800172100001401410700001801424700002401442856003601466 2016 eng d00aGrover search and the no-signaling principle0 aGrover search and the nosignaling principle c2016/09/14 a1205010 v1173 a

From an information processing point of view, two of the key properties of quantum physics are the no-signaling principle and the Grover search lower bound. That is, despite admitting stronger-than-classical correlations, quantum mechanics does not imply superluminal signaling, and despite a form of exponential parallelism, quantum mechanics does not imply polynomial-time brute force solution of NP-complete problems. Here, we investigate the degree to which these two properties are connected. We examine four classes of deviations from quantum mechanics, for which we draw inspiration from the literature on the black hole information paradox: nonunitary dynamics, non-Born-rule measurement, cloning, and postselection. We find that each model admits superluminal signaling if and only if it admits a query complexity speedup over Grover's algorithm. Furthermore, we show that the physical resources required to send a superluminal signal scale polynomially with the resources needed to speed up Grover's algorithm. Hence, one can perform a physically reasonable experiment demonstrating superluminal signaling if and only if one can perform a reasonable experiment inducing a speedup over Grover's algorithm.

1 aBao, Ning1 aBouland, Adam1 aJordan, Stephen, P. uhttp://arxiv.org/abs/1511.00657