01905nas a2200157 4500008004100000245006300041210006300104260001300167300001200180490001000192520138200202100001901584700002201603700002301625856009901648 2020 eng d00aEfficient Simulation of Random States and Random Unitaries0 aEfficient Simulation of Random States and Random Unitaries c5/1/2020 a759-7870 v121073 a

We consider the problem of efficiently simulating random quantum states and random unitary operators, in a manner which is convincing to unbounded adversaries with black-box oracle access.

This problem has previously only been considered for restricted adversaries. Against adversaries with an a priori bound on the number of queries, it is well-known that t-designs suffice. Against polynomial-time adversaries, one can use pseudorandom states (PRS) and pseudorandom unitaries (PRU), as defined in a recent work of Ji, Liu, and Song; unfortunately, no provably secure construction is known for PRUs.

In our setting, we are concerned with unbounded adversaries. Nonetheless, we are able to give stateful quantum algorithms which simulate the ideal object in both settings of interest. In the case of Haar-random states, our simulator is polynomial-time, has negligible error, and can also simulate verification and reflection through the simulated state. This yields an immediate application to quantum money: a money scheme which is information-theoretically unforgeable and untraceable. In the case of Haar-random unitaries, our simulator takes polynomial space, but simulates both forward and inverse access with zero error.

These results can be seen as the first significant steps in developing a theory of lazy sampling for random quantum objects.

1 aAlagic, Gorjan1 aMajenz, Christian1 aRussell, Alexander uhttps://www.quics.umd.edu/publications/efficient-simulation-random-states-and-random-unitaries